Simple Equations to Approximate Changes to the Properties of Crude Oil with Changing Temperature. This Tip of the Month describes simple equations to approximate changes to the properties of crude oil with changing temperature. Changes in crude oil density and specific heat, or heat capacity, can be estimated from graphs andor more elaborate computer simulation. The latter generally requires access to a process simulator and characterization data for the crude oil. A suitable, tuned computer model is likely the most accurate method of estimating the fluid properties, but is not always available. Direct laboratory measurement is also possible if facilities and oil samples are available and a high degree of accuracy is required. Graphs, which were originally generated from empirical data, can be useful, and their accuracy is suitable for most engineering applications. However use of the data in subsequent calculations requires users to interrupt the calculation, look up a number from a graph, and then proceed with the calculation. The simple curve fit equations presented provide the required data suitable for use in spreadsheet or hand calculations. Crude Oil Density. Figure 1. A 1 depicts the change in specific gravity with temperature for crude oils of varying API gravity. Figure 1. A Crude Oil Specific Gravity vs Temperature 1This graph was compared with density temperature data from Table D 1, API Publication 4. Monographs on Refinery Environmental Control Management of Water Discharges 2. The colored lines in Figure 1. B show the API data superimposed on the original graph. The two show good agreement. Figure 1. B Data from API Publication 4. Figure 1. A data from 2Curve fitting data from Figure 1. A resulted in Equation 1 for FPS units. Equation 2 provides the SI equivalent. Figure 1. C displays the output from Equation 1 superimposed as colored lines on the original graph Figure 1. Comme son nom lindique, CheatEngine est un programme qui vous permettra de tricher dans la plupart des jeux o la triche est possible. En revanche, il ncessite. Goodgame Galaxy Cheats' title='Goodgame Galaxy Cheats' />A. Although the simple equation does not align perfectly, results are sufficiently accurate for most engineering calculations. Compared to the data from API Publication 4. Equation 1 produces a maximum errors of 0. Spelle. nl Speel gratis online Landleven Gratis meer dan 10. Voor jong en oud Leukste spelletjes site van Nederland. Goodgame Galaxy Cheats' title='Goodgame Galaxy Cheats' />1 I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul. Hotwapi. Com is a mobile toplist for mobile web sites. We have over 2000 registered sites. Figure 1. C Simple Equation 1 superimposed on Figure 1. AHeat Capacity. A similar approach was used to develop a simple equation for the variation of the Heat Capacity or Specific Heat of crude oil as a function of API gravity and Temperature. Data, extracted from Figure 2. A 1, was regressed to obtain the algorithm presented as Equation 3 for FPS units Equation 4 for SI units. Note that the algorithm was developed for a crude oil with a UOP index of 1. If the UOP index is known, the correction factor illustrated on the graph could be applied to the output from Equation 3 or 4. Figure 2. A Heat capacity of crude oil vs Temperature 1The resulting equation is presented as Equation 3 for FPS units, and Equation 4 for SI units. Figure 2. B Simple Equation 3 superimposed on Figure 2. ASummary. The simple equations provide approximations for the variation of density and specific heat of crude oils of varying API gravity. Neither algorithm provides a perfect match with the underlying data. However data from varying sources do not always correlate. Figure 3. Free Hack Cheats. See how to Hack Professional online Hack Game Guides, Free Items, Quests, Bots and Tips. A 1 depicts an alternate source of density correction for crude oils for varying API gravity and temperature. Figure 3. B shows data from API Publication 4. Figure 3. A.   Unfortunately, overlap of the data is limited, but clearly there is a very poor correlation even the trend as API gravity increases is reversed between the API data and the data presented in Figure 3. A.   Note that the trend represented in Figure 1. Rickenbacker 325 Pdf. A is supported by data from API 4. Appendix D.   These data from the API Publication 4. Overall, Figure 1. A shows quite good agreement with the API data, so the algorithm Equations 1 and 2 was developed using data from Figure 1. A as the source. Figure 3. A Crude Oil Density Correction Factor Hankinson et al, 1. Figure 3. B Portion of Figure 3 A with data from API 4. To learn more about similar cases and how to minimize operational problems, we suggest attending our G4. ProcessFacility Fundamentals, G4 Gas Conditioning and Processing, PF8. CO2 Surface Facilities, and PF4 Oil Production and Processing Facilitiescourses. John M. Campbell Consulting JMCC offers consulting expertise on this subject and many others. For more information about the services JMCC provides, visit our website at www. By Wes Wright. Works Cited. Manning, Francis S. Thompson, Richard E. OILFIELD PROCESSING Volume Two Crude Oil. Tulsa  Penn. Well Publishing Company, 1. ISBN 0 8. 78. 14 3. Institute, American Petroleum. Management of Water Discharges Design and Operation of Oil Water Separtors. Washington  API, 1. API Publication 4.